Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) are often pitched as a lucrative wealth-creation tool, allowing employees to own a stake in the company they help build. But while ESOPs have minted crorepatis in the startup ecosystem, they have also left many employees high and dry.
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Since 2020, employees from nearly 80 Indian startups have cashed out $1.45 billion through ESOPs, according to data compiled by Fintrackr. However, beyond these success stories, there are growing concerns about unfair clauses, verbal promises, and rigid exit conditions that often leave employees with nothing.
Here’s what you should know before banking on ESOPs as a financial windfall.
1. Verbal Promises Hold No Value
A former employee of a consumer electronics startup recounted to 1 Finance Magazine how he turned down another job after HR assured him ESOPs to match the competing offer. The catch? The offer wasn’t documented in writing.
Months later, when he followed up, he was told that “the board has decided not to approve further ESOPs.” The promise vanished overnight.
What You Should Do
- Always get ESOP details in writing—preferably through an official ESOP portal.
- A verbal agreement has zero legal standing. If it’s not on paper, it doesn’t exist.
2. Unfair Exercise Windows Could Make ESOPs Worthless
ESOPs often come with a limited exercise window, requiring employees to buy their vested shares within 3 to 6 months of leaving the company.
Consider this: An employee holds 2,000 vested ESOPs with a strike price of ₹1,000 per share. If he resigns, he must pay ₹20 lakh within months just to retain the shares. Miss the deadline, and the shares lapse.
To make matters worse, under prevailing tax laws, ESOP holders may be taxed up to 39% upon vesting, even before they sell the shares.
What You Should Do
- Look for ESOP agreements that offer a longer exercise period (or ideally, an unlimited one).
- Factor in liquidity constraints before committing to ESOP-heavy pay packages.
3. Performance-Linked ESOPs: A Convenient Loophole for Employers?
Linking ESOPs to performance may seem fair—until subjective evaluations come into play. Employees have reported cases where bosses denied ESOPs on vague performance grounds, sometimes under pressure from founders or investors.
A social media user even flagged a clause stating that vested ESOPs could be revoked in cases of “misconduct.” The term was never clearly defined, leaving employees at the mercy of broad, discretionary policies.
What You Should Do
- Ensure performance evaluation criteria are transparent.
- ESOP revocation due to “misconduct” should be clearly defined in the agreement.
4. No Accelerated Vesting in Case of an Exit
Many startups follow a 4-year vesting schedule, but what happens if the company is acquired before your ESOPs fully vest?
For instance, if an employee joins a startup and the company is acquired 2.5 years later, his ESOPs don’t vest, and he walks away empty-handed—despite years of contribution.
What You Should Do
- Ensure the ESOP agreement has an accelerated vesting clause for mergers, acquisitions, or IPOs.
- Without this, employees risk losing out just when the company makes its biggest liquidity move.
Final Take: Read the Fine Print Before Betting on ESOPs
The startup world is littered with stories of employees who gave their sweat and blood to a company, only to walk away with nothing when the liquidity event arrived.
While ESOPs have the potential to create immense wealth, the devil lies in the details. Employees must scrutinise vesting schedules, exit clauses, tax liabilities, and performance conditions before treating ESOPs as a financial safety net.
For those counting on ESOPs as part of their CTC negotiations, a word of caution—not all stock options are created equal.
